Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) therapy has been explored for its potential effects on tumors, with studies investigating its impact on cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and tumor growth. Here’s an overview of key findings: In Vitro Studies     •    Breast Cancer Cells: Research has demonstrated that PEMF exposure can decrease proliferation and induce cellular senescence in breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). Notably, these effects were selective to cancer cells, with normal fibroblasts (FF95) remaining unaffected.       •    Bladder Cancer Cells: A study on the HT-1376 bladder cancer cell line revealed that PEMF exposure altered tumor profiles by affecting key pathways involved in cancer pathogenesis.   In Vivo Studies     •    Tumor Growth Inhibition: Animal studies have shown that daily PEMF therapy can retard angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels) and tumor growth. For instance, a study on human breast cancer xenografts found that PEMF treatment led to larger areas of necrosis and hypoxia within tumors, indicating inhibited tumor progression.   Clinical Studies     •    Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): A phase I/II clinical trial involving 41 patients with advanced HCC reported that PEMF therapy was safe and showed antineoplastic effects. Specifically, five patients experienced complete pain relief, and four patients exhibited a partial response to the treatment.   Mechanisms of Action The therapeutic effects of PEMF are thought to involve several mechanisms, including:     •    Disruption of Mitosis: PEMFs may interfere with the mitotic spindle apparatus in cancer cells, leading to disrupted cell division and apoptosis.       •    Anti-Angiogenic Effects: PEMF therapy has been observed to inhibit the development of new blood vessels in tumors, thereby restricting tumor growth.   Considerations While preclinical and early clinical studies suggest that PEMF therapy holds promise as a non-invasive adjunctive treatment for certain cancers, more extensive clinical trials are necessary to fully establish its efficacy and safety. Additionally, the optimal parameters for PEMF application, such as frequency, intensity, and duration, require further investigation to maximize therapeutic outcomes.